The History of the Ancient Near East

Electronic Compendium

ANCIENT ISRAEL IRAQ EGYPT TURKEY IRAN SYRIA
LEBANON JORDAN ARABIA CYPRUS AND BAHRAIN

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Mark Alan McDonald
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New Evidence from Egypt on the Location of the Exodus Sea Crossing: Part I
Written by Gary Byers in ASSOCIATES FOR BIBLICAL RESEARCH (19 August 2008)

For millennia man has desired to impact the Suez Isthmus region but with minimal success. Ancient Egyptian texts and modern geological surveys have identified ancient canal lines cut between the marshy lakes of antiquity, called the Eastern Frontier Canal by their discoverers (Hoffmeier 2005: 42). Long before the Suez Canal both native and foreign rulers cut canals through the Isthmus for a variety of reasons. Ancient documents mention canal construction by Pharaohs Sesostris I or III (12th Dynasty) -- Necho II (610-595 BC) and the Persian king Darius (522-486 BC) as well as Ptolemy II (282-246 BC) (Hoffmeier 1997: 165, 169).

Todays 2020 Newspapers.com Article
Articles on the building of the Suez Canal start as early as 1843 ...
Tue Sep 5 1865 – 3 · The Morning Post (London England) · Newspapers.com

Map of the Ancient Near East Before The Coining Of The Phrase From The National Geographic Magazine (1916) --- 1542 x 1062 Table of Contents Civilizations -- Cultures -- Areas -- Regions -- Prehistory Culture: Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times The Coming of the Sea Peoples (Donald Redford) Understanding the Sea Scrolls (Hershel Shanks) Chapter 6: Essene Origins -- Palestine or Babylonia Area or Region: PreHistoric Near East / Mesopotamia Levant (Mashriq) / Anatolia / Lisan Lake Mesopotamia: Jazirah - Jazireh - Yazirah / Sumer - Shinar Akkad - Accad - Agade / Old Babylonia Empire / Assyria - Subartu Neo-Babylonian Empire or Chaldea / Hurrian - Mitanni Levant: Canaan or Palestine / Esdraelon / Dead Sea / Wadi Arabah Hebrews / Samaria / Israelites / Philistines - Philistia / Phoenicia Arameans / Bit-Adini / Nabateans / Ammonites / Edomites / Moabites Zagros Mountains and Iran: Guti / Lullubi / Kassites Parthia / Persia / Elam - Susiana / Media - Medes Africa: Egyptian History / Egyptian Art and Civilization / Hyksos / Nubia Anatolia (Turkey) [Asia Minor]: Hittites / Lycia / Phrygia / Lydia Arabian Peninsula: Arabia / Amorites TransCaucasus: Urartu - Ararat /Armenia / Kurdistan CisCaucasus: Cimmerians / Scythians Mediterranean Island: Cyprus Persian Gulf Island: Bahrain Archipelago Prehistoric and Cultural Type-Sites PALEOLITHIC SITES TABUN CAVE (ISRAEL) / JEBEL QAFZEH CAVE (ISRAEL) / MUGHARET SKHUL CAVE (ISRAEL) / AMUD CAVE (ISRAEL) / SHANIDAR CAVE (IRAQ) / MUGHARET WAD CAVE (ISRAEL) / YABROUD (YABRUD) CAVE [SYRIA] MESOLITHIC OR EPIPALEOLITHIC SITES On the Difference Between These Two Terms Read THE MESOLITHIC OF THE LEVANT WADI NATUF (ISRAEL) / AIN MALLAHA (ISRAEL) / ZAWI CHEMI SHANIDAR (IRAQ) / KARIM SHAHIR (IRAQ) / KEBARA CAVE (ISRAEL) / JERICHO (ISRAEL) / TELL ABU HUREYRA (SYRIA) / ZARZI CAVE (IRAQ) NEOLITHIC AND CHALCOLITHIC TYPE-SITES 1. PPNB TAHUNIAN PERIOD (PALESTINE) [7TH MILLENNIUM BC] 2. JARMO (NORTHEASTERN IRAQ) [7TH MILLENNIUM BC] 3. CATAL HOYUK (ANATOLIA) [6700 - 5650 BC] 4. DABAGHIYAH CULTURE (NORTHERN IRAQ PLAIN) 5. HASSUNAN CULTURE (NORTHERN IRAQ) [5750 - 5050 BC] 6. YARMUKIAN CULTURE (ISRAEL/JORDAN) [5600 - 5000 BC] 7. HALAF CULTURE (NORTHERN IRAQ) [5500 - 4700 BC] 8. SAMARRAN CULTURE (NORTHERN IRAQ) [5500 - 4800 BC] 9. BADARIAN CULTURE (EGYPT) [5000 - 4000 BC] 10. ERIDU PERIOD (SUMER) [FIRST PHASE PROTO UBAID] 11. HAJJI MUHAMMED PERIOD (SECOND PHASE PROTO UBAID) 12. PRE-LITERATE UBAID CULTURE (MESOPOTAMIA) 13. TELEILAT GHASSUL CULTURE (URBANISM) [JORDAN] 14. AMRATIAN CULTURE (NAQADA I) [EGYPT] (4000 - 3500 BC) 15. TEPE GAWRA PERIOD (NORTH MESOPOTAMIA) [CONTEMPORARY URUK] 16. URUK (ARABIC WARKA) [BIBLICAL ERECH] (PROTO URBAN PERIOD) 17. GERZEAN CULTURE (NAQADAH II) [EGYPT] (3500 - 3100 BC) 18. JEMDET NASR PERIOD (SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA) [3100 - 2900 BC] Major Historic Sites 1. JERUSALEM (JEBUSITE) [CANAANITE] (ISRAEL) 2. NINEVEH (ASSYRIA) [KUYUNJIK PALACE] 3. BABYLON (BABIL) [TOPONYM] (IRAQ) 4. PERSEPOLIS (TOPONYM PERSIA) [IRAN] 5. ALEPPO (TRADE CROSSROADS) [SYRIA] 6. LACHISH (SENNACHERIB) [ISRAEL] 7. THEBES (MODERN LUXOR) [AMON-RE] (EGYPT) 8. PETRA (NABATEAN CAPITAL) [JORDAN] 9. EBLA (TELL MARDIKH) [SYRIA] 10. MARI (TELL HARIRI) [MIDDLE EUPHRARTES] (SYRIA) 11. PALMYRA (TADMOR) [SYRIA] 12.ASHUR (QALAT SHARQAT) [TOPONYM ASSYRIA] (IRAQ) 13. SUSA (BIBLICAL SHUSHAN) [ELAMITE CAPITAL] (SW IRAN) 14. ALEXANDRIA (EGYPT) [PTOLEMIES] (BIBLIOTECA) 15. HATTUSAS (MODERN BOGAZKOY) [ANATOLIA] (TURKEY) . . Der Tempel von Edfu um 1865 -- Photographer: Zangaki (Universität Hamburg) Other Archaeological Sites ISRAELI SITES SITE 8/17 / AKKO (ACCO) [ACRE] / AELIA CAPITOLINA / AFEK [APHEK] (ANTIPATRIS) / AI (ET TELL) / AHWAT / TELL AJJUL / ANAFA / ARAD / ATLIT YAM / AVDAT / BANIAS (CAESAREA PHILIPPI) / BEERSHEBA / BEISAMUN / BETHEL / BETHSAIDA / BETH SHAN / BETH SHEMESH / CAESAREA MARITIMA / CAPERNAUM (KEFAR NAHUM) / MOUNT CARMEL / DAN (QADI) / DOR / DOTHAN / FARAH NORTH / GEDI / GEV / GEZER / GILGAL / ABU GOSH / GRAR / HALIF (KIBBUTZ LAHAV) / HALUTZA / HAR HARIF / HARASIM (NAHAL BARKAI) / HASEVA (HATZEVA) / EGLON (HASI) [HESI] / HAYONIM / HAZOR (QEDAH) / HEBRON / NAHAL HEMAR CAVE / IFSHAR (HEFER) / IRAQ BARUD / JAFFA (YAFO) [AVIV] / KFAR GILADI QUARRY / KHIAM / MAGDALA (MIGDAL) [MAJDAL] / MARESHA (GUVRIN) [ELEUTHEROPOLIS] / MASADA / MEGIDDO / MUNHATTA / MUQATIR / NABLUS (FLAVIA NEAPOLIS) / NASBEH / NATIV HAGDUD / NAZARETH / NAHAL OREN / NAHAL POLEG / WADI QUMRAN / WADI RABAH / RAKAFET / REHOV / ABU SALEM / SHAAR HAGOLAN / SHECHEM / SHIKHIN (ASOCHIS) / SHIQMIM / SILWAN (SHILOAH) [SILOAM] / TANAACH / TANTURA LAGOON / TELULIOT BATASHI / TIBERIAS / NAHAL TILLAH / TIMNA / YAQUSH / YAVNEH YAM / ZAYIT (ZEITAH) / ZIPPORI (SEPPHORIS) PHILISTINE PENTAPOLIS ASHDOD (AZOTUS) / ASHQELON (ASHKELON) / EKRON (MIQNE) / GATH (SAFI) / GAZA IRAQI SITES ADAB (BISMAYAH) / AGRAB / RAS AMIYA / ARPACHIYAH / ARRAPHA (KIRKUK) / BORSIPPA (BIRS NIMRUD) / CALAH (NIMRUD) / DIYALA VALLEY / ERBIL (IRBIL) / ESHNUNNA (ASMAR) / HAFRIYAT / HATRA / Hīt / ISIN (BAHRIYAT) / KHABUR VALLEY / KHORSABAD (DUR SHARRUKIN) / KISH (UKHAIMIR) / DUR KURIGALZU (AQARQUF) / LAGASH (TELLOH) [GIRSU] (HIBA) / LARSA (SENKEREH) / MATARRAH / MOSUL (MAWSIL) / NIPPUR (NIFFER) [NUFFAR] / NUZI (YORGHAN TEPE) / SAWWAN / SHADUPPUM (HARMEL) / SHURUPPAK (FARA) / SIPPAR / TAYA / TUTUB (KHAFAJE) / UMMA (JOKHA) / UQAIR / UR (MAQAYYAR) EGYPTIAN SITES ABOUKIR (HERAKLEION) / ABUSIR / ABYDOS (ABDJOU) [THIS] / ADAIMA / AMARNA / ARMINNA / AVARIS (RAAMSES) [DABA] / ASWAN (SVENE) / ASYUT / BEHNASA (OXYRHYNCHUS) / CAIRO (QAHIRA) / DASHUR NORTH / EDFU (BEHDET) / FAIYUM DEPRESSION / ABU GHURAB / GIZA (JIZAH) / HAWARA / HELWAN (HULWAN) / HERR / HIERAKONPOLIS (NEKHEN) / IBRAHIM AWAD / MOUNT HAR KARKOM / KARNAK / KELLIS (ISMANT KHARAB) / MAHGAR DENDERA / DEIR MEDINA / MEDINET HABU / MEIDUM / MEMPHIS / MENDES / QUSEIR (QADIM) / SAQQARA / JEBEL SILSILA / ABU SIMBEL / SINAI PENINSULA / SIWA OASIS / SUEZ TURKISH SITES ALACA HOYUK / AMUQ VALLEY / ANKARA (ANGORA) / BAKLA TEPE / BAYBURT KELKIT PLAIN / BUYUK TEPE HOYUK / CARCHEMISH (JERABLUS) / CAYONU TEPESI / CHOMA (HACIMUSILAR) / DHAHAB / EDESSA (URFA) / GOLTEPE KESTEL PROJECT / GORDION (HASSI HOYUK) / HARAN (HARRAN) [CARRHAE] / KERKENES DAG (PTERIA) / KINET HOYUK / KULTEPE (KANESH) / KURDU / LIMAN TEPE / MERSIN / MYRA / NEMRUT DAG / NORTH EASTERN TURKEY / ORTAK?Y (SHAPINUWA) / PANAZ TEPE / PINARBASI / SAKCAGOZU / SAMSAT (SAMOSATA) / SARDIS (SART) / SMYRNA (IZMIR) / SOS HOYUK / TARSUS / TILBES HOYUK / TROY (HISARLIK) / TURLU IRANIAN SITES ANSHAN (ANZAN) [TEPE MALYAN] / BAKHTIARI REGION / TALL-E-BAKUN / TALL-I-BAKUN / BEHISTUN (BISITUN) / CHOGA MAMI / CHOGHA MISH / CHOGHA ZANBIL / DEH LURAN / ECBATANA (ACHMETHA) [HAMADAN] / FARS SURVEY / GODIN TEPE / HAJJI FIRUZ TEPE / TEPE ALI KOSH / KHUZESTAN PROVINCE SYRIAN SITES ABDUL AZIZ / MINA / AMRIT / ANTIOCH / ARVAD (ARWAD) / ASWAD (BALIKH VALLEY) / ASWAD (DAMASCUS BASIN) / ATCHANA (ALALAKH) / BARSIB (AHMAR) / BEYDAR / BOUQRAS / BRAK (NAGAR) [NAWAR] / CHAGAR BAZAR / CHUERA / DAMASCUS / DOUARA CAVE / DURA EUROPUS / EMAR / FAKHARIYAH / GHORAIFE / HABUBA KABIRA (QANNAS) / HAGOSHERIM / HAMAH (HAMATH) [EPIPHANIA] / AIN HASHOMER / HAURAN / HOMS (EMESA) / JANUDIYEH / JERF AJLA / JUDAIDAH / JUDAIDAH JABBUL / KABRI / KADESH / TELL KHAZZAMI / KHIRBET KUM / LABWEH / MASHNAQA / QALAT MUDIQ / MUGHARET ABDE / MUREYBAT / QARQUR / QAT / QATNA (MISHRIFEH) [KATNA] / RAMAD / RAMITHA (LAODICEA) / SABI ABYAD / SAIDNAYA / SHEIKH / SHEIKH ALI / SLENFE / SUKAS / SWEYHAT / TABBAT HAMMAM / TANNUR / TARTUS / TERQA (ASHARA) / TUNEINIR / TURMUS / UGARIT (RAS SHAMRA) / URKESH (MOZAN) LEBANESE SITES ACHZIB (ECDIPPA) / ARD TLAILI / ARSLAN / BAALBEK (HELIOPOLIS) / BEIRUT (BERYTUS) / BYBLOS / DBAYE / AIN EBEL / HASHBAI / KUBBAH / MUKTARA / NACCACHE / NACHARINI / NEBA'A (NEBAA) FAOUR / AIN NFAIKH / SAREPTA (SARAFAND) / SHAMSINE / SIDON (SAIDA) / SCIES - MEHDI - SAAIDEH / TRIPOLI / TYRE JORDANIAN SITES See Page On : The domestication of water: water management in the ancient world and its prehistoric origins in the Jordan Valley by Steven Mithen in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (2010) ABILA - TEL ABIL - ABEL MAACHAH / AMMAN (RABBATH AMMON) / BEIDHA / BOSTRA (BOZRAH) [BUSRA] / DHIBAN (DIBON) / WADI DHOBAI / KHIRBAT FAYNAN / WADI FEINAN / AIN GHAZAL / GHWAIR I / WADI GHUWAYB / JEBEL HAMRAT FIDAN / WADI HAMMEH / HISBAN / HUMEIMA / JERASH (JARASH) / ARBILA (BETH ARBEL) [MODERN IRBID] / KHIRBET ISKANDER / KARAK (KERAK) / ABU KHARAZ / KHIRBET KERAK (BETH YERAH) / MACHAEROUS / MADABA / MADABA PLAIN / BIR MADHKUR / BEIT MIRSIM / KHIRBAT NAHAS / MOUNT NEBO / NIMRIN / PELLA (TABAQAT FAHL) / PUNON / WADI RAMM / RASAS / RUJM TABA / SAHEM / TELL ABU SUWWAN /TELL ABU SUWWAN / WADI THAMAD (KHIRBET MUDAYNA) / UMAYRI (ABEL KERAMIM) / WF16 / WADI YABIS / YA'AMUN / WADI ZIQLAB BAHRAIN ARCHIPELAGO: DILMUN -- TELMUN -- TYLOS . The Neolithic of the Levant (1978) A.M.T. Moore (Oxford University) Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy HTML (Volume 1) (Volume 2) or DIGITISED THESIS: PDF (1) (2) This doctoral thesis is an excellent textbook on the Prehistoric Near East especially since much of the history that we know of the area up to and including the Neolithic occurred in the Levant. I think you will find also that the time frame of this book agrees with current sources ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... CHAPTER 1: ABSTRACT / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / INTRODUCTION THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE LEVANT IN THE LATE PLEISTOCENE AND EARLY HOLOCENE LATE PLEISTOCENE / SUMMARY EARLY HOLOCENE / SUMMARY CHAPTER 2: THE MESOLITHIC OF THE LEVANT MESOLITHIC 1 / SETTLEMENT PATTERNS / ECONOMY AND SOCIETY MESOLITHIC 2 / SETTLEMENT PATTERNS / ECONOMY AND SOCIETY CHAPTER 3: NEOLITHIC 1 / DISTRIBUTION OF SITES / ECONOMY / DISCUSSION JERICHO / NAHAL OREN / MUGHARET WAD / RAKAFET / KHIAM / GILGAL / POLEG / BEIDHA / HAR HARIF / NACHARINI / MUREYBAT / ASWAD / SAIDNAYA CHAPTER 4: NEOLITHIC 2 / MIDDLE EUPHRATES: MUREYBAT / ABU HUREYRA / BOUQRAS / ASWAD (BALIKH) / FAKHARIYAH / ABDUL AZIZ / KUM / PALMYRA REGION WEST SYRIA: ASWAD / RAMAD / GHORAIFE / LABWEH / SCIES MEHDI SAAIDEH / NACHARINI / MUGHARET ABDE / HAURAN / UGARIT / SLENFE PALESTINE: JERICHO / NAHAL OREN / KHIAM / MUNHATTA MOUNT CARMEL: IRAQ BARUD / MEGIDDO / JORDAN VALLEY: BEISAMUN / KFAR GILADI / SHEIKH ALI / TELEILAT GHASSUL / JUDEAN HILLS: TELL FARAH (NORTH) / ABU GOSH NEGEV AND SINAI / TRANSJORDAN PLATEAU: WADI DHOBAI / BEIDHA RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PALESTINIAN AND WEST SYRIAN AND MIDDLE EUPHRATES SITES IN NEOLITHIC 2 PRINCIPAL CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEOLITHIC 2 SETTLEMENTS DISTRIBUTION OF SITES / ECONOMY: MIDDLE EUPHRATES SITES WEST SYRIAN SITES / PALESTINIAN SITES / DISCUSSION CHAPTER 5: NEOLITHIC 3 / MIDDLE EUPHRATES NORTH SYRIA: RAS SHAMRA / TELL SUKAS / HAMA / HOMS / QALAT MUDIQ / JANUDIYEH / TELL JUDAIDAH / TELL SHEIKH / MERSIN / SAKCAGOZU / TELL TURLU / JUDAIDAH JABBUL SOUTH SYRIA: LEBANESE COAST: BYBLOS / KUBBAH / TABBAT HAMMAM / BEKAA VALLEY: TELL LABWEH / NEBA'A (NEBAA) FAOUR / TELL SHAMSINE / TELL HASHBAI / BEISAMUN / TANNUR / QAT / AIN HASHOMER / KFAR GILADI / HAGOSHERIM / TELL TURMUS / KABRI / DAMASCUS BASIN: TELL RAMAD PALESTINE / SOUTH PALESTINE / NORTH PALESTINE PRINCIPAL CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEOLITHIC 3 SETTLEMENTS TIMESPAN OF NEOLITHIC 3 / DISTRIBUTION OF SITES / ECONOMY / DISCUSSION CHAPTER 6: NEOLITHIC 4 / SOUTH SYRIA: LEBANESE COAST: BYBLOS / DBAYE / NACCACHE / TELL ARSLAN / MUKTARA / OTHER LEBANESE COAST SURFACE STATIONS CONTEMPORARY NEOLITHIQUE MOYEN BYBLOS / LEBANESE COAST HEAVY NEOLITHIC (CAMPIGNIAN) SITES BEKAA VALLEY: TELL ARD TLAILI / TELL AIN NFAIKH / REMAINING BEKAA SITES CONTEMPORARY NEOLITHIQUE MOYEN BYBLOS / BEKAA HEAVY NEOLITHIC (CAMPIGNIAN) SITES / KARAOUN / OTHER HEAVY NEOLITHIC SITES BEKAA DAMASCUS BASIN: TELL KHAZZAMI / TELL RAMAD PALESTINE: SOUTH PALESTINE: JERICHO / OTHER SOUTH PALESTINIAN SITES NORTH PALESTINE: MUNHATTA / SHEIKH ALI / WEST PALESTINE: WADI RABAH / TELULIOT BATASHI / BASHAN STREET (TEL AVIV) / SITE 8/17 / HAZOREA OTHER WEST PALESTINE SITES / NORTHERN PALESTINE HEAVY NEOLITHIC SITES / SUPPLEMENTARY PALESTINIAN NEOLITHIC 3 AND 4 SITES DISTRIBUTION OF NEOLITHIC 4 SITES / ECONOMY / COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND TRADE CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION (BOOK SUMMARY) . Mission or Statement of Purpose: In as much as I am an individual and not affiliated with any educational group or organization I wish to convey my appreciation to all those entities involved in the publication of the wealth of material on the ever more studied and increasingly popular subject of the Ancient Near East. At times the immensity of the effort necessary to achieve my goal of a concise and yet comprehensive collection of abstracts (compendium) as a portal to further studies has made me consider ceasing my labour of love on the subject. But each time I have felt compelled to return to my endeavours, realizing at last that this is a work of a lifetime and that no one could with any hope possibly read in totality the staggering amount of material on the subject. Admittedly I am the author of original material only to the extent of my reading and consolidating articles into what I consider most relevant to a beginning or intermediate comprehension of the subject; and of course the additions derived from my own studies (addendums) ... Author: Title: Keyword: Mark Alan McDonald / Bookmark